Reference equipment for testing contactless payment devices

ABSTRACT

Reference equipment including a reference card and a reference reader is provided for testing electronic payment devices such as cards and card readers. The reference equipment is designed to simulate the external behavior of a variety of payment devices that are currently or expected to be deployed in electronic payment systems. Further, the reference equipment is configured to subject devices under test to extreme behaviors which are expected in field use or which are representative of a large class of payment devices. The external behaviors may relate to functional parameters, for example, power consumption, resonance frequency, Q-factor, modulation depth, noise, and timing. Exemplary reference devices are configured to exhibit representative external behavior, which is an empirically determined average behavior of the product devices in the field. Use of the reference equipment for product specification compliance testing will enhance the interoperability of product payment devices.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 11/182,357 filed on Jul. 15, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,217 which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/588,270 filed on Jul. 15, 2004. This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/182,354, Ser. No. 11/182,355, Ser. No. 11/182,356, and Ser. No. 11/182,358, co-filed on even date, all of which claim the benefit of the aforementioned patent application No. 60/588,270. All of the aforementioned patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are small integrated circuits (ICs) connected to an antenna, which can respond to an interrogating RF signal with simple identifying information, or with more complex signals depending on the size of the IC. RFID technology does not require contact or line of sight for communication. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is now economically viable and is deployed in more and more commercial and industrial applications. For example, RFID technology is now widely used for tags on items in warehouses, shops, ID or access cards, etc. In addition, RFID technology has been introduced in the payment card industry (e.g., by MasterCard, American Express and Visa) in the form of “contactless” payment or credit cards embedded with RFID tags. These contactless payment cards can be used to make electronic payment transactions via radio communication with an RFID-enabled payment terminal. The contactless payment cards can provide consumers with simple, fast and convenient ways to pay for goods and services, for example, in retail establishments, stores or supermarkets.

Several RFID technologies are available for use in contactless payment cards and card readers/terminals. The basic components of a contactless system are the contactless reader (or Proximity Coupling Device (PCD)) and a transponder. The contactless reader is an antenna connected to an electronic circuit. A transponder consists of an inductive antenna and an integrated circuit connected to the ends of this antenna. The combination reader-transponder behaves as a transformer. An alternating current passes through a primary coil (reader antenna) that creates an electromagnetic field, which induces a current in the secondary coil (transponder antenna). The transponder converts the electromagnetic field (or RF field) transmitted by the contactless reader (PCD) into a DC voltage by means of a diode rectifier. This DC voltage powers up the transponder's internal circuits. The configuration and tuning of both antennas determines the coupling efficiency from one device to the other. The transponders may be the contactless payment cards.

For contactless payment card systems to be economically viable and to gain commercial acceptance, the contactless payment cards must be interoperable at all or most RFID-enabled payment terminals, even when the cards and terminals have technological features that are proprietary to specific card providers/issuers, vendors or terminal manufacturers. Industry-wide interoperability is desirable. Towards this end, industry standards organizations and groups (e.g., International Organization for Standards (ISO) and International Electro Technical Committee (IEC)) have formulated voluntary industry standards for implementation of contactless payment technologies. Three such exemplary standards which have been defined by ISO/IEC are the ISO/IEC 10536, ISO/IEC 14443, and ISO/IEC 15693 standards applicable to Close Coupling, Proximity and Vicinity cards, respectively.

The ISO/IEC 14443 proximity card standards (ISO 14443) have been used for several contactless card deployments worldwide. The targeted range of operations for ISO 14443 proximity cards is up to 10 cms, although this range varies depending on power requirements, memory size, CPU, and co-processor.

The ISO 14443 standards document has four distinct parts.

-   -   Part 1: Physical Characteristics, defines the physical         dimensions for a Proximity Integrated Circuit Card (PICC). The         card is the ID-1 size (85.6 mm×54.0 mm×0.76 mm). This is the         same size as a bank credit card.     -   Part 2: Radio Frequency Power and Signal Interface, defines key         technical characteristics of the contactless IC chips, including         items such as frequency, data rate, modulation, and bit coding         procedures. Two variations are detailed in Part 2, the Type A         interface and the Type B interface. Both operate at the same         frequency and use the same data rate, but they differ from one         another in the areas of modulation and bit coding.     -   Part 3: Initialization and Anticollision. Initialization         describes the requirements for proximity coupling device (PCD)         (i.e., the reader) and the card to establish communication when         the card is brought into the reader's radio frequency (RF)         field. Anticollision defines what happens when multiple cards         enter the magnetic field at the same time, identifying how the         system determines which card to use in the transaction and         ensuring that all cards presented are inventoried and processed.     -   Part 4: Transmission Protocols, defines the data format and data         elements that enable communication during a transaction.

For a system of contactless payment cards and card readers to be compliant with ISO 14443, they must meet the requirements of at least some of parts of the voluntary standard. In addition to contactless technologies that are standardized under ISO 14443, a number of proprietary contactless interfaces are also used in the industry (e.g., Cubic's GO-Card and Sony's FeliCa card). With existing card technology deployments, interoperability can be an issue. Card readers deployed by vendors in the marketplace should preferably accommodate several different card types. For example, a desirable card reader would support ISO 14443 Type A and Type B cards, ISO 15693 cards and any additional proprietary card types.

Interoperability issues can arise even with card deployments that are presumably compliant with a single ISO standard (e.g., ISO 14443). In the ISO 14443 standard, all requirements or specifications related to RF Power and signal interfaces in the contactless card and reader system (i.e., the physical layer in an Open System Interconnection (OSI) model view of the system) are defined using separate standardized tests for cards and for readers. The ISO/IEC 10373 Standard Part 6 (ISO 10373-6) deals with test methods, which are specific to contactless integrated circuit card technology (proximity card). Compliance of contactless cards and readers to ISO 14443 is verified using reference devices. According to ISO 10373-6, a set of “reference” cards (i.e., Reference PICC), which represent the characteristics of contactless cards, is used for measuring specification compliance of a contactless reader. (See, e.g., FIG. 1 a). For example, the Reference PICC is used to test the magnetic field produced or transmitted by a PCD, and to the test the ability of the PCD to power a PICC. Similarly, a “reference” reader (i.e., a Test or Reference PCD), which may represent the characteristics of a typical contactless reader, is used for measuring specification compliance of contactless cards. For example, the Reference PCD is used to test the load modulation that is generated by cards during testing.

FIG. 1 b shows the functional tests conducted on a product reader under ISO 10373-6 for testing the power and data links between cards and readers.

While the separate card and reader compliance test procedures under ISO 10373-6 may ensure that deployed product devices individually have characteristics that fall in either the designated specification range for cards or readers, the procedures do not ensure interoperability in the field. Cards and/or readers verified as compliant may be only marginally so (e.g., by having a characteristic value at the end or edge of a designated specification range). This manner of standards compliance can lead to operational failure in the field. For example, a marginally compliant card may be unreadable or difficult to read using a card reader that is also only marginally compliant.

Consideration is now being given to ways of enhancing interoperability of electronic payment devices that are used in contactless electronic payment systems. Attention is directed to reducing variations in card and reader properties consistent with commonly accepted standards. In particular, attention is directed to improving standard compliance procedures to enhance interoperability of payment devices.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides reference equipment for testing payment devices that may be deployed in the field for conducting electronic payment transactions. The reference equipment includes reference cards and reference readers that respectively can be used to verify compliance of product cards and product readers with product specifications. The product specifications may, for example, be the ISO 14443 Standard specifications which are commonly accepted in the electronic payment industry.

The reference equipment is designed to enhance interoperability of product payment devices whose functional behaviors may vary because of vendor customization of device specifications or due to manufacturing tolerances. In particular, the reference cards are designed to simulate or represent a full range of observed behaviors of product cards, which are issued to consumers. Similarly, the reference readers are designed to simulate or represent a full range of observed behaviors of product readers deployed in the field, for example, by merchants and stores. Specification compliance testing of product devices using these reference devices is likely to enhance interoperability of issued product cards with a product reader deployed in the field, and conversely of deployed product readers with a product card issued to a consumer.

The reference devices may be used to establish acceptable specifications for issued cards and deployed readers using, for example, the methods disclosed in co-filed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/182,354. In the disclosed methods, the reference card and reference reader are cross-calibrated to link the operational specifications for the cards and the readers. A suitable selection of overlapping specification ranges or tolerances for proper card and reader functions, enhances the interoperability of the issued cards with a deployed reader, and conversely, the interoperability of deployed readers with an issued card.

Further features of the invention, its nature and various advantages will be more apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 a is a block diagram, which schematically illustrates the step of cross-calibrating a Reference PICC with a Reference PCD in accordance with the principles of the present invention. The cross-calibrated Reference PICC and PCD devices are then used for testing the functional properties and specifications of a product contactless payment card and reader, respectively.

FIG. 1 b is a schematic illustration of the several functional tests of power and data links between contactless readers and contactless proximity cards, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 2 a is a picture of an exemplary PayPass—Reference reader designed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 2 b is a picture of an exemplary PayPass—Reference card designed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 3 a is a circuit diagram of an antenna used in the PayPass—Reference reader of FIG. 2 a in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 3 b is a circuit diagram of the PayPass—Reference card of FIG. 2 b in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides reference equipment for testing product payment devices that are deployed or used in the field for conducting electronic payment transactions. The reference equipment includes reference cards and reference card readers that respectively can be used to verify compliance of product cards and product readers with standard industry product specifications. The reference card and reader devices are designed so that their externally observable behavior is specified. The externally observable behavior is selected to replicate or simulate a nominal range of observed or expected behaviors of product devices deployed in the field. Using these reference devices to test product payment devices promotes interoperability of devices whose functional behaviors may vary due to vendor customization or due to manufacturing tolerances.

The inventive reference equipment is described herein in the context of implementations of electronic payment systems in which the contactless payment device specifications are intended to conform to a common industry standard such as the ISO 14443 Standard, which further specifies standardized test methods (i.e., ISO 10373-6 Test Methods, Proximity Cards) for verification of the specification of individual contactless payment devices. Recently, assignee MasterCard International Incorporated (“MasterCard”) has developed proprietary specifications MasterCard PayPass™ ISO/IEC 14443 Implementation Specification (“PayPass”) for implementation of proximity payment card technologies (e.g., by issuers, vendors or manufacturers of cards and card readers). The PayPass implementation is consistent with the ISO 14443 Standard and provides a convenient example illustrating the principles of the present invention. It will be understood that the selection of the PayPass implementation for purposes of illustration herein is only exemplary, and that the principles of the present invention can be more generally applied to electronic payment devices and systems that operate under other common industry or proprietary standards.

The PayPass implementation specifications, which may be utilized by different issuers, vendors or manufacturers of contactless cards and/or card readers, provide standard specifications for implementations of contactless payment device technologies. Specific communication protocols requirements are imposed on contactless payment devices, i.e., on cards (PICCs) and readers (PCDs). The PayPass specifications describe, for example, the electrical characteristics of the contactless interface between a PICC and PCD, and the data transfer characteristics of the communications between a PCD and a PICC including the high-level data transmission protocol, detailed signaling, modulation and bit coding schemes, and data formats used in such communications. The PayPass specifications also specify PCD processes and commands available for device functions such as initialization, polling, collision detection, and PICC activation and deactivation, and the state machine of the PICC in such processing functions.

The inventive reference equipment may be used in conjunction with the systems and methods disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. SMETS I for enhancing the interoperability of contactless payment devices (i.e., product cards issued to consumers and product readers deployed by merchants). The disclosed systems and methods ensure that individual product cards and readers operate or function in tighter specification ranges than they are permitted to operate in under the ISO 14443 standard. The systems and methods involve cross-calibrating the reference devices (i.e., the Reference PICC and Reference PCD devices), which are used to test specification compliance of individual product readers and cards under the ISO 14443 and ISO 10373-6 standards. The Reference PCD is used to establish a range of observed functional behaviors or parameters (“nominal card range”) of the Reference PICC. Product card readers are required to have functional behaviors or parameters that are within this nominal card range as measured by the Reference PCD. Conversely, a Reference PICC is used to establish a range of observed functional behaviors or parameters (“nominal reader range”) of Reference PCDs. Product readers are required to have functional behaviors or parameters that are within the nominal reader range when reading the reference card.

FIG. 1 b schematically shows the functional tests conducted on payment devices in the PayPass implementations using cross-calibrated Reference PICC and Reference PCD devices.

The cross-calibration of the Reference PICC and Reference PCD establishes a relation between the two standard devices, and links the specifications for individual product cards with the specifications for product readers. This avoids interoperability failures that are possible with conventional unconnected or separate testing of card and reader specifications, for example, with the cards and readers that lie at the extreme edges of their respective specification ranges that are allowed under the ISO 14443 standard.

Exemplary procedures for ensuring or enhancing power, data transfer, and other functional interoperability of product contactless payment devices, which are based on cross-calibrated Reference PICC and PCD devices may involve the following steps:

-   -   (a) measuring the power provided by a PCD on a Reference PICC,     -   (b) measuring data transmission (e.g., modulation depth, or         other signal parameters) on the Reference PICC,     -   (c) testing data reception (e.g., load modulation sensitivity)         by a PCD by generating different signals through the Reference         PICC. The PayPass—Reference PICC is first calibrated with         respect to the Reference PCD to determine the levels and         characteristics of the different signals generated by the         Reference PICC,     -   (d) measuring the data transmission by a PICC on the Reference         PCD, with the Reference PCD sending “average” value commands to         the PICC and with the Reference PCD providing an “average” power         level. Both the power level and the command characteristics         produced by the Reference PCD are calibrated with respect to the         Reference PICC, and     -   (e) checking the data reception and power sensitivity of a PICC         using the Reference PCD, with the Reference PCD sending commands         with modulation characteristics and power levels at the border         of the tolerance interval or range Rrx. Again, for setting these         extreme values, the Reference PCD is calibrated with respect to         the reference PICC.

In accordance with the present invention, exemplary card and reader reference devices are designed so that their externally observable behavior is specified. The externally observable behavior of reference devices may be selected to replicate or simulate a nominal range of observed or expected behaviors of product devices deployed in the field. Such reference devices (e.g., FIGS. 2 a and 2 b, PayPass—Reference PCD and PayPass—Reference PICC devices) are utilized in the PayPass implementation. FIGS. 2 a and 2 b respectively show photographs of physical PayPass—Reference PCD and PayPass—Reference PICC devices that are designed according to the PayPass implementation specifications.

The exemplary PayPass—Reference PCD and PayPass—Reference PICC are representative of existing deployments of contactless payment technologies. These reference devices are designed for operation with any counterpart product devices, which have functional characteristics that lie within a common industry specification range (e.g., a range allowed by the ISO 14443 standard, or observed in the field). The designs require that the reference devices can operate with all counterpart product devices including product devices whose functional characteristics may lie at the extremes of allowed or observed specification ranges. This design requirement promotes interoperability by permitting testing of all contactless PayPass or PayPass-like product devices. Any issued product card or PICC can be tested against the PayPass—Reference PICC and similarly any deployed product card reader or PCD can be checked against the PayPass—Reference PCD using, for example, the methods described in co-pending application Ser. No. 11/182,357.

The exemplary PayPass—Reference PCD includes a circular antenna and a Common Mode Rejection (CMR) circuit. (See, e.g., FIG. 2 a).

The antenna, which may be fabricated as a printed coil assembly, has a dual active and dummy windings. The dual windings reduce electric field sensitivity of the antenna. FIG. 3 a shows a circuit diagram of the antenna, which, in addition to the dual winding coil, includes a tuning circuit, a matching network and suitable cable connectors (e.g., SMA connectors). The antenna coil, which is designed to resonate at 13.56 MHz, is fitted with a landing zone or plate on which cards may be placed for testing. In the exemplary PayPass—Reference PCD, the landing zone is specified to be at a fixed distance of about 15 cms from the antenna. The PayPass—Reference PCD allows sending commands to PICCs when connected to a signal generator. The response from a PayPass PICC can be analyzed using the CMR circuit.

Table 1 shows a selected set of antenna design parameter values for the exemplary PayPass—Reference PCD.

TABLE 1 Input impedance: 50 ohms at 13.56 MHz Coil diameter: 7 cms Physical location: mounted 15 mm below landing zone plate Overall board dimensions: 4724 mils × 3543 mils Coil inductance in free air, <1 micro Henry with no mutual coupling: Number of turns: two, excluding compensation coil Shape: two concentric circles, connected in series Track width: 1 mm Turn spacing: 0.5 mm Q factor: 30 to 35 Resonant frequency: 13.56 MHz ± 25 KHz

The antenna characteristics are selected to be representative of product reader characteristics observed in the field. For example, PayPass product terminals or readers deployed in the field have been empirically noted to have antenna diameters ranging from about 4 cms to about 10 cms, which corresponds to an average diameter of about 7 cms. Accordingly, the PayPass—Reference PCD antenna diameter is selected to be about 7 cms as representative of readers deployed in the field. Other PayPass—Reference PCD design parameters (e.g., electromagnetic, circuit and physical parameters) also may be similarly selected to make the device representative of readers deployed in the field.

In operation, a ±600 mW signal may be fed into the antenna's 50Ω input impedance to generate a magnetic field, which is representative for most PayPass PCDs deployed in the field. The circular antenna creates a symmetric field distribution about the z-axis, which can simplify measurements.

Further in operation, a 13.56 MHz signal drives the reader coil via the matching network producing high voltages across the coil winding. The 13.56 MHz RF carrier emitted by the antenna can be amplitude modulated. The antenna hardware (e.g., CMR circuits) may allow recovery of the two carrier sidebands at 12.7 MHZ and 14.4 MHZ generated by the load modulation presented by a card or PICC under test. The recovered signal is fed into the CMR circuit to subtract the 13.56 MHz carrier signal and to recover an 847.5 KHz subcarrier signal. The CMR circuit may have any convenient or suitable design. A suitable CMR circuit and its operation are described in co-filed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/182,358.

The PayPass—Reference PCD antenna has a high Q factor (˜30-35). The high Q factor causes a significant circuit “ringing” when the carrier is switched off (“pause”). This “ringing” represents the worst case scenario for modulation (i.e., a small antenna with high Q factor). Product cards provide better quality modulation. Therefore, any product card, which operates satisfactorily with the PayPass—Reference PCD under extreme load conditions, is likely to work in the field with deployed product readers.

It will be understood that the architecture and circuit parameters of the PayPass—Reference PCD and PayPass—Reference PICC devices are selected with consideration of their intended use for testing product devices. A particular architecture of the exemplary PayPass—Reference devices is described herein only for purposes of illustration. Alternate reference devices may have any convenient architecture and design consistent with the present invention as long as their externally observable behavior is similarly specified. It will be understood that choice of the architecture and design parameters for the reference devices is independent of the architecture and design parameters of product cards and product readers. The choice of a particular architecture for a reference device does not impose or require the product devices to have the same or any particular architecture (e.g., antenna layout and resonance frequencies).

Like the PayPass—Reference PCD, the PayPass—Reference PICC (FIG. 2 b) is designed to be representative of product card characteristics observed in the field. The PayPass—Reference PICC has an antenna, which is similar to those found in ID-1 cards, and which like the PayPass—Reference PCD antenna may be wound as a coil on a printed circuit board assembly. FIG. 3 b shows a circuit board diagram of the PayPass—Reference PICC. In addition to the antenna coil, the circuit board (referred to as the “PICC circuit”) includes tuning circuits, a bridge rectifier, FET Shunt modulators, Zener or smoothing circuits, clock demodulators and other signal processing circuits.

Further in addition to the PICC circuit, the PayPass—Reference PICC includes a calibration coil, which is mounted about 15 mm above the printed circuit board in a single unified assembly. The unified assembly is designed to analyze the signals as sent out by a PCD. The calibration coil allows analysis of the full frequency content of a PCD signal, which usually cannot be accomplished using the PICC circuit alone, given its limited bandwidth. The calibration coil may be designed based on criteria defined in ISO 10372-6 standards.

The PICC circuit is designed so that characterization tests of a PCD are always conducted under load conditions which simulate card use conditions in the field. The PayPass—Reference PICC is also designed to send information back to a PCD using different levels of load modulation. For this purpose, the PICC circuit includes a variable load, which is self-adapting to changing magnetic field strength. While sending data back to a PCD, the calibration coil can be used to induce noise and test the receiver quality of the PCD.

Table 2 lists a set of design parameter values selected for the exemplary PayPass—Reference PICC.

TABLE 2 Coil size: 72 mm × 42 mm with 5 mm radius at corners Physical location: mounted 15 mm below landing zone plate Overall board dimensions: 5200 mils × 1890 mils Coil inductance in free air, ~3-4 micro Henry with no mutual coupling: Number of turns: 4 Shape: two concentric circles, connected in series Track width: 0.5 mm Turn spacing: 0.5 mm Resonant frequency: 16.1 MHz ± 50 KHz On board circuitry: rectifier, variable load, modulation circuits

Further, the values of the parameters of the variable load in the PayPass—Reference PICC are selected based on the maximum power consumption observed in PICCs currently deployed in the field. The maximum power consumption load represents a worst case scenario for a PCD. Currently deployed product PICCs are expected to consume less power than the PayPass—Reference PICC. Future versions of PICCs, which will benefit from evolving low-power semiconductor device technologies, are likely to consume even less power. Therefore, it is likely that if a reader or PCD works with the PayPass—Reference PICC, it will work with current PICCs as well as with future PICCs.

While the present invention has been particularly described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications and alterations may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the disclosed embodiments of the invention are considered merely illustrative, and the invention is limited in scope only as specified in the appended claims. 

1. A reference card for testing card readers that are used to read a set of several different types of payment cards that are depoyed in an electronic payment system, the set of different types of payment cards exhibiting a corresponding set of diverse behaviours, the reference card comprising: a calibration coil which is configured to analyze the full frequency content of signals transmitted by a card reader under test; and an electronic circuit whose external behavior is configured to be representative of the diverse behaviors of the several different types of payment cards that are used in the electronic payment system, wherein the electronic circuit is configured to exhibit the representative external behavior to a card reader under test, wherein the representative behavior of the electronic circuit is so that positive testing of the card reader under test ensures that the card reader reads any several different types of payment cards, and wherein the reference card is of a type external to the set of several different types of payment cards that are depoyed in the electronic payment system.
 2. The reference card of claim 1 wherein the several different types of payment cards are different types of contactless payment cards and wherein the reference card electronic circuit comprises an antenna having a resonant frequency of about 16.1 MHz.
 3. The reference card of claim 1 wherein the several different types of payment cards are different types of contactless payment cards, wherein the reference card electronic circuit comprises a variable load, and wherein the reference card electronic circuit is configured to exhibit load conditions that simulate field use of the several different types of payment cards in the electronic payment system to the card reader under test.
 4. The reference card of claim 3, wherein the variable load represents a maximum card power consumption in a worst case scenario to the card reader under test.
 5. The reference card of claim 3, wherein the reference card electronic circuit is configured to transmit information to the card reader under test using different levels of load modulation.
 6. The reference card of claim 5, wherein the calibration coil reference card is configured to induce noise in the transmitted information, whereby a receiver quality of the card reader under test can be investigated.
 7. The reference card of claim 1, wherein the reference card electronic circuit comprises a variable load circuit and wherein the circuit varies load based at least in part on one measurement selected from the group consisting of the power emitted by the card reader under test, the modulation characteristics of the card reader under test, and the sensitivity of the card reader under test. 